First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. It was launched on 27 November 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia.An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. During the crusade, knights and peasants from many nations of Western Europe travelled over land and by sea, first to Constantinople and then on towards Jerusalem, as crusaders; the peasants greatly outnumbered the knights.Peasants and knights were split into separate armies; however, because the peasants w ere not as well-trained in combat as the knights, their army failed to reach Jerusalem. The knights arrived at Jerusalem, launched an assault on the city, and captured it in July 1099, massacring many of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. They also established the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.Because the First Crusade was largely concerned with Jerusalem, a city which had not been under Christian dominion for 461 years, and the crusader army refused to return the land to the control of the Byzantine Empire, the status of the First Crusade as defensive or as aggressive in nature remains controversial. The First Crusade was part of the Christian response to the Muslim conquests, and was followed by the Second Crusade to the Ninth Crusade, but the gains made lasted for less than 200 years. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall o f the Western Roman Empire.

Philosophy Questions Essay

Who is recognized as the first as the first speculative philosopher? The first man that reflected was regarded as the first speculative philosopher. What is the death date of Socrates? Socrates Died in the year 399 B. C Who were relativists and the paid teachers of rhetoric? The Sophists were the first paid teachers of rhetoric. The relativists are those who believed that the criteria of judgment are not absolute but relative to those who believe in them. What is the rule according to which all things are accomplished and the law which is found in all things? Good, being the highest unity. What word describes how particular (sensible) things relate to their Forms? Symbolism What is the Greek word meaning `having its end within itself`? ‘entelecheia’ What is the general term for any philosophy that says pleasure is good and pain is evil? Hedonism What is the name for this argument for the existence of God that first occurs in Anselms (of Canterbury? Proslogion? What is the cause of suffering (dissatisfaction) to the Buddha? (Ignorance) ‘All suffering is caused by ignorance of the nature of reality and the craving, attachment, and grasping that result from such ignorance.’ Who began as Benedictine and ended as a Dominican? St. Catherine of Siena DEFINE/IDENTIFY THESE TERMS: 1) Critical thinking. A system of thought characterised by careful evaluation and judgment. Critical thinking tends to find the hidden meanings, and the implications of a particular concept or subject. It is a deep state of reasoning that tends to bring out sound judgment. Critical thinking is not just about finding flaws and fault, although this is what critical thinking tends to achieve at the end of the day.   The process of utilising the power of the mind to make influences, make decisions or arrive at a solution or judgments. 2) Wisdom: wisdom is acclaimed as the ability to utilize knowledge, experience, understanding, or even common sense with insight. It is also the ability to apply knowledge or experience it can also be defined as accumulated knowledge.   Prudence in the management and application of any information or knowledge can also be described as wisdom. It is the feature of being far-sighted and sagacious. The state of being wise. It is the ability of making a sound judgment based on the array of information available at one’s disposal. 3) Belief any cognitive content held as true.   It can also be described as an idea into which a level of trust and confidence is placed. It can also mean a set of information held as true and into which a lot of reverence and respect is invested. 4) Ethnocentrism:   is the generalised belief that one’s own ethnic group belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group. This concept lends credence to people’s shared belief and values in the face of other beliefs shared by people of other cultural backgrounds. Ethnocentrism contributes to the integrity of culture because it affirms people’s shared beliefs and values in the face of other, often contradictory, beliefs and values held by people of other cultural backgrounds 5) Moral relativism: – the concept that moral values depend on specific situations. This concept is of the view that ethical moral relativism is the position that moral or ethical acts do not necessarily reflect the universally accepted moral truths. Rather, it makes claims that depend on different circumstances e.g. cultural, historical or personal situations.   These moralists claim that there is no universally acceptable standard for accessing ethical proposition’s truth. 6) The Divided Line – The concept of the divided line was explained by Socrates. Socrates attempted to explain the nature of philosophy through the image of the Divided line. He used two realms, the intelligible and the visible. He used a line to divide the two realms, so that the two realms were separated from each other. he divided the two realms into two parts. The four divisions represent ascending causality, clarity, unity and eternality. The idea was to try to explain the intelligibility of the things of the visible world. The philosopher ruthlessly pursues Good. He seeks to understand it as the highest unity operating in, and behind all things. 7)   Sophrosyne – Is a Greek word. Its literary meaning is ‘moral sanity’ .This ideal was upheld by the Greeks. It means prudence and moderation. However, it possesses a more complex meaning its meaning cannot be completely comprehended in English. However, the concept can be substituted with two other phrases. ‘Nothing in Excess’ and ‘knowing thyself’. In modern Christian theology, the word means ‘purity’, ‘integrity’ and ‘virginity’. 8) Stoicism: Stoicism is a school of philosophy. It was founded in the ancient Greece. The stoic philosophy was developed from the Cynics. Stoicism was the most influential philosophy in the Roman Empire during the period preceding Christianity. The school is opposed to Epicureanism in its views of life. The stoics emphasised ethics as the main field of knowledge. Also, the stoics contributed to the development of logic and natural sciences to support their ethical doctrines. The principle proclaimed by earlier cynics was the foundation of the stoic ethics. Stoicism is broad-based. Stoics were at the forefront of advocating for the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings. 9) Values: values can be described as qualities that can be considered worthy of emulation and that are desirable.   It can also be described as the beliefs of a person or a group of people which have a sort of emotional bond. They have a common goal, either in favour of, or against something. 10) Scholasticism: scholasticism is a theological and philosophic movement. This school of thought was dominant in medieval Europe. It was based on Aristotle and the Fathers of the Church.   The movement attempted to understand the supernatural capacity of the Christian revelation using natural human reason.   The movement attempted to incorporate both the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity. These scholastics believed that revelation was a direct teaching from God and it possessed a high degree of truth and has a higher superiority than natural reason. Among notable scholastic philosophers were Anselm – the French philosopher, Peter Abelard and St. Bonaventure.

Progress Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Progress Report - Essay Example For example, in this case, a business might introduce various promotions and selling activities to make sure its market share remains high. (Kevinlane Keller and Kotler, 2000) Scenario planning is also used by various exporting business as a part of their strategic management policies to counter problems caused by uncertainty. For example, in our case we are analyzing a business which exports organic clothing to India. This involves certain processes which are not under control such as crops that are used to manufacture clothes and textile mills which are going manufacture these crops into raw cloth. Exporting process is a tough job and time management is extremely necessary, otherwise the importing companies which are based in Europe and the US do not accept the cloth. The rules are so strict that even if the exporting companies are one day late, these companies cancel the order and exporting companies suffer huge losses. Now let's look at the situation of our clothing company in light of PEST analysis of India. As we all know that India is biggest democracy in the world and perhaps the biggest economy of all emerging market economies of the world. In the recent year, we know that India has faced problems like terrorism and strikes. During these strikes all the business activity is ceased in India. This causes a lot of problem for exporting business and they have to plan head and keep themselves ahead of the deadline. So, considering the political environment of India and acts of terrorism, our organic clothing company will have to be very cautious of political situation of India and will have to be ahead of time, so that it does not find its buyers canceling orders. This can be done by telling textile firms and farmers that they need the particular quantity of material on the specified dates and keep check and balance by visiting the sites such as farms and textile factories to see that both the farms and factories will be able to provide the necessary amount of material at the specified d ates. If these farms and factories do not provide the firms with the specified material, the firm should use its contingency plan, to make sure it does not lag behind the shipment data. These contingencies plans can be buying cloth that is already available in the market and then process it and export it to the USA and Europe. This way, our clothing firm can beat the political challenges that are there in the Indian economy. (CNN IBN Video Report on Terrorism in India, 2008) If we look at economic analysis we will find out that Indian economy relies on old and unreliable infrastructure. This infrastructure often gets badly damage and does not function properly in case of rains and other natural catastrophes. In order to remove this problem, firm can contract an international firm like Fed-Ex or any other big name in the market to make sure that its material always reaches the buyers on time (Data Monitor, 2008). Similarly, another problem in the Indian economy is less mechanization and more dependence on unskilled labor. This labor often spoils the whole lot, which is a big profit-reducer for our firm. Our firm therefore, should try to invest on R& D to make sure that we transfer the best technology to India which will not only increase our reputation in the international market, but this will also help us into becoming more efficient and

Memorandums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Memorandums - Essay Example Krahnke et al. (2003) suggest that the US workforce is quite complex not only linguistically but also culturally. Authors further state that in 2002, the California legislature enacted a bill that forbids the regulation of language in the workplaces unless business or safety requirements dictate it. Park (1994) argues quoting Barnaby Zall, a law expert that the Supreme Court has never called a language-related rule as national origin discrimination. Gibson K. (2006) emphasizes that there is no need to restrict the language use. As businesses accept the people in workplace with different ethnicity, race and religion; similarly, they should embrace other languages as well. 5. Though there have been diverse views on the subject but I still stick to the only-English rule at work places. The main reason is that it is necessary for cohesive and smooth functioning of the job at work places. In the US, most of the people have working knowledge of English while it cannot be said for any other language including Spanish. 6. The questions/troubling points for the Yes/No side are: a. What to do if non-English speaking people feel like discriminated if they are not allowed to speak in their language? b. What to do if English-speaking people feel they are being made mockery of as they cannot understand other language? References Krahnke, K., Hoffman, L., Krahnke, K. (2003). Managing Language Use in the Workplace. The Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 2003 – Vol. 4(1) Page 148. Retrieved September 26, 2011 from http://www.ibam.com/pubs/jbam/articles/vol4/article4_9.htm Park, R. (1994). Language in the Workplace. The Social Contract Press. Retrieved September 26, 2011 from http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc0404/article_368.shtml Gibson K. (2006). English Only Court Cases Involving the U.S. Workplace: The Myths of Language Use and the Homogenization of Bilingual Workers’ Identities. Retrieved September 26, 2011 from http://www.hawaii. edu/sls/sls/wp content/uploads/2011/06/Gibson.pdf MEMORANDUM TO: Professor FROM: DATE: September 27, 2012 RE: Is Downsizing a Sound Strategic Initiative? PART A 1. My initial gut reaction that emerges after reading the issue is that downsizing is a sound strategic initiative. 2. ‘Yes side’ appears more persuasive to me. 3. The reaction to this has come to me after experiencing economic sluggishness post 2008 that has spread not only in the US but also Europe and other parts of the world. PART B 4. Cameron (1994) argues that downsizing is done for survival of the organization before it is too late to rectify the situation. The author also argues that objectives towards downsizing should be in line with the long term objectives of the organization. Hornstein (2009) argues that the results of downsizing are not in line with the expectations. Downsizing brings a negative effect on employee morale, leads to knowledge loss and disrupts skills gathered in past years. Author ci tes growing body of research to indicate that downsizing does not even help to reduce costs. Margolis and Molinsky (2009) argue that downsizing is a necessary evil and must be exercised with caution. They give stress on being compassionate and direct; however, it should be performed with respect and dignity. 5. Economic conditions in general and in a specific situation may force organization to resort to downsizing tactics for the survival. I still feel that it is an important strategic initiat

Global Marketing project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Marketing project - Essay Example They would even want to know about the number of buyers and suppliers of toothpaste in the market and whether suppliers are price takers or price makers. 2. Information regarding the political environment of the foreign nation, the rules and regulations pertaining to employment laws and laws concerning foreign organizations opening their business in a particular nation can be obtained through secondary data. Secondary data obtained through research organizations such as Gallup can even help the company in identifying the size of the customers, the size of buyers and suppliers and the existing competition in the market. Primary data will even be required to identify the organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses. Primary data will be collected in order to identify the current demands of the customers that have not yet been satisfied by other companies and the taste of the customers (Terpstra

ROLE OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN CORPORATE AMERICA, GLOBAL ECONOMY AND Research Proposal

ROLE OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN CORPORATE AMERICA, GLOBAL ECONOMY AND LATEST FINANCIAL CRISIS - Research Proposal Example The corruption and greed that came with power of absolute control through economy also played it pivotal role in the gradual deterioration. The ideology of free market economy and the capitalist economy gave rise to the economic set up that is most evidently practiced in America. It rose against the communist and fascist ideals and became the representative system of democracy. As the economies grew they evolved into a particular system with concrete rules and regulations. The business and industries developed and as the economy became global, these industries and businesses developed into multinational organizations and corporate. The corporate became the central organs of the economic system, and with these in place, arose the need of maximizing profits. However, with the complete control of economy came power for these corporate that also held the place to make key decisions. As is said the absolute power corrupts absolutely, so with the complete control over most of economic decisions and with the power to manipulate governments with their economic sway, the corporate leaders indulged in corruption and the trickle-down effect held true, as all those under them, followed their lead. The corporate culture that developed in these circumstances was fraught with unethical practices; it fed greed and greed in turn lead to corruption in all the main quarters. While some of them were charged and punished for their practices, most of them continued the practices under the pretense of maximization of profits that ultimately had to trickle-down to the lower strata of the society. This however, was not the case and while the money accumulated in the coiffeurs of the few, the main people who were supposed to be the beneficiary of the free market suffered and failed to progress. The situation all over the globe remained the same. The fiscal crisis also, affected those at the lower-strata of society, or in the underdeveloped countries, making their sufferings even worse. Starting with the sub-prime mortgage crisis, the economy in America faced a severe fiscal predicament, and the situation led to a complete withdrawal of faith on part of the people in the economic policies and transactions of government. This crisis in turn affected the global economy as all those nations who had invested in the corporations that were declared bankrupt or were on the verge of it, sank taking with them all the invested money. The economies globally were also affected because of the severely interconnected nature of the global trade and business. A lower federal reserve in any country affected the trust of all other countries in them and with the US itself on brink of fiscal disaster due to lack of liquidity, the current situation becomes a matter of grave concern for all involved. The situation also attests to the fact that transformations in the current economic set-up are gravely required. Conclusion The need of the time is to devise methods and make laws, as well as to make sure of the implementation of

Integrate to Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Integrate to Marketing Communication - Essay Example Introduction In order to suggest what makes Arnott’s Tim Tams company a strong brand name one has to have a closer look at the corporation’s competitive advantage, its strength and weaknesses; the client fairness and their market blending. Considering the company’s products, its organization and its mission, its competitive advantage is its reasonable trademark. Clients who purchase fair trade products are viewed as being decent consumers. Ethical consumers are concerned with fair prizes among other things (Schultz et al.2002). Therefore, it can be suggested that Arnott’s Tim Tams competitive advantage is its reasonable trademark because it deals with a particular type of consumer who is willing to pay more money for products and become loyal to the company, which on the other hand is selling fair trade products. Furthermore, Arnott’s Tim Tams product success is one of its chief strengths. The company pays a lot of focus to the quality of its produc ts and its suppliers. For that case, this is the reason why the customers are considerably fulfilled and are eager to pay more. Arnott’s Tim Tam clients can be certain that they will purchase high standard products. Context Analysis As much as client fairness is concerned it can be suggested that it comprises of value fairness, brand justness and affiliation equity. Patrons who are justly worried about the concern of fair trade are most probably to bond with Arnott’s Tim Tams biscuit chocolates if they are the just fair trade brand in the area. Bringing a closer look at Arnott’s Tim Tams marketing blend, 4Ps can be taken into account. The price, product, place, and promotion. Taking into account Arnott’s Tim Tams product prices, it can be suggested that its products are not cheap, but simultaneously they are affordable. The patrons understand the fact that they pay more for the product bearing in mind that they embrace fair trade. The chocolate biscuits i ndustry is becoming more concerned with very precise target markets. The premium chocolate, for example is very prominent. The threat of chief producers penetrating in to the classification is rather high. Arnott’s Tim Tams brand is well valued amid those who have had the privilege of feeling the product. The brand has a paltry market share than the bigger competitors in the classification who have more monetary influence and extensive market share. Conversely, economic development has been reducing globally, with a lot of consumers losing their jobs and taking key pay cuts (Schultz et al. 2002). Going by the specifics, consumers are measuring their spending patterns and are cutting out on extravagant things and opting for inexpensive varieties of certain products. With respect to market trends in the chocolate biscuits industry, one great opportunity for Arnott’s Tim Tams could be to make their chocolate biscuits not just for fair trade product, but also a premium pro duct. Arnott’s Tim Tams company could as well increase its market share by growing many distinct unique tastes. If there is any more opportunity, it is probably that the company will attract more consumers. The other opportunity for Arnott’s Tim Tams lies in printing the cocoa content on its products for customers who are attentive on this. Ultimately, the company could begin a new, entirely natural, product side. As a result, these consumers will see it as fair trade and natural. This will be very appealing to their present consumer

Contract Law (Australia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Law (Australia) - Essay Example has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain from doing something, such an act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise.† â€Å"A contract is an agreement enforceable at law made between two or more persons by which rights are acquired by one or more to acts or forbearance on the part of the other or others.† (Quoted in ReportBD.com) Since both the plaintiff and defendant maintained social relationship, the agreement between them was a bit social in nature, as there was no intention of either of the parties to enter into any legal remedies against non-compliance of either of the parties to the contract. There are two types of agreements i.e. Social agreements are the agreements which are just promises between two or more persons or parties, but do not enjoy the status of contract. For example one person invites another at his office to have dinner with him, but if he fails to host dinner, no legal remedy can be demanded, as it is social agreement in nature. Such promises do not bind the parties, to fulfil the promise, thus no legal rights between the parties are created, as in the case of Balfour and Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571: â€Å"When a husband failed to pay a promised allowance, the wife sued. The court announced the judgement in these words: "There are agreements between parties which do not result in contracts within the meaning of that term in our law. The ordinary example is where two parties agree to take a walk together (or) arrangements which are made between husband and wife. They are not contracts because the parties did not intend that they should be attended by legal consequences. Each house is a domain into which the Kings writ does not seek to run.† (Quoted in Duhaimes Canadian Contract Law Centre) On the other hand, there are some contracts, which are legal in nature, and the parties are bound to execute the promise and agreements. In case of not complying with which,

Policies Related To Child Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Policies Related To Child Health - Assignment Example It may seem like most aspects of a child's care is little less of a straightforward informed consent of the parent and the family, but this is not always the case. This calls for the law to take control to ensure that children's health is secure and available in an affordable way. The government policies create avenues that facilitate these goals. According to Patel and Rushefsky (2014, p. 75) over the past few decades, the state has taken the lead role in ensuring that health policy reforms. The government has played a key role in legislation, regulation and also innovative competitive strategies as efforts to cut down the healthcare cost. Five years ago, the US government enacted the Affordable Care Act. The policy is designed to provide affordable health coverage options, stop private insurance companies from discriminating against patients with pre-existing conditions, strengthen consumer’s protection, improve the quality of care and also boost the bargaining power of families as well as small enterprises by allowing health insurance exchange. According to Price and Saltzman (2013, p. 12), the Affordable Care Act will help American save allot of money that is spend majorly on health-related cases. The expansion of Medicaid and creation of a new insurance exchange system will play a major role. The Affordable Care Act also extends its funding to the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) mainly through FY 2015. The program also ensures that children who have been having precious and pre-existing conditions are not secluded from health insurance from the insurance companies. In addition to that, the act also comes with a pediatric benefit for children and this is inclusive of oral and vision coverage. All children are supposed to get the basic pediatric services and this will be achieved by an increase in the workforce.

Research Methods Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods - Research Paper Example According to Zwass, electronic commerce is defined as â€Å"the sharing of business information, maintaining of business relationships, and conducting of business transactions by means of telecommunications networks†. The electronic commerce activities are inter-organisational processes of market-based sell-buy relationships and collaboration, consumer oriented activities, and inter-organisational processes that support them (Zwass). The innovation diffusion theory by Rogers has been widely applied as a theoretical framework to analyse adoption of technology. The framework identified five factors which influence adoption of technology in organisations. These factors are relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability. Relative advantage is defined as â€Å"the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes†. Compatibility is defined as â€Å"the degree to which an innovation is perceived as consisten t with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters†. Complexity is defined as â€Å"the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use†. ... This study therefore seeks to identify the factors that influence adoption of e-commerce in organisations using Rogers’ model. Research Questions 1. What is the effect of relative advantage on adoption of e-commerce? 2. Does compatibility affect adoption of e-commerce? 3. What is the effect of complexity on adoption of e-commerce? 4. Does trialability affect adoption of e-commerce? 5. What is the effect of observability on adoption of e-commerce? Research Objectives The objectives of this study are: 1. To examine the effect of relative advantage on adoption of e-commerce. 2. To determine the effect of compatibility on adoption of e-commerce. 3. To assess the effect of complexity on adoption of e-commerce. 4. To examine the effect of trialability on adoption of e-commerce. 5. To determine the effect of observability on adoption of e-commerce. Significance of the Study This study is very important to organisations in Saudi Arabia as well as other Arab countries. The results of t his study will be very valuable in informing the management of these retail stores on how a number of factors will influence adoption of e-commerce for those who wish to do so. The study is also important to government agencies in charge of policy-making decisions. The study will provide valuable recommendations on how regulation of e-commerce should be carried out based on the results on the adoption factors of e-commerce. The policy recommendations will therefore help come up with solutions that will address the challenges of e-commerce among retailers. Researchers will also find this study valuable source information as a reference material as well as act as a basis for

Different illicit drugs Essay Example for Free

Different illicit drugs Essay Janis Joplin’s experimentation with several different illicit drugs led to her overdose of heroin at the age of 27. Joplin began her fascination with the drug culture as part of the beatnik generation in coffee houses and bars across her home state of Texas and in New York City’s Greenwich Village. Joplin developed a love of speed and alcohol that rivaled man of hermale counterparts of the day (Rock n’ Roll Heaven, 2007). She had a heroin habit that she indulged in for years, but kicked until she began working on her final album â€Å"Pearl†. During the making of the album, Joplin began using heroin again. Friends and family members report that Joplin was always careful with her heroin usage. â€Å"She made every attempt to be cautious when using and made sure to buy from only one dealer who always had his stuff checked by a chemist. It turns out that the bag Janis bought that Saturday, October 3rd afternoon was not checked by the dealers chemist who was out of town at the time. The heroin was 50 percent pure and would prove to be a fatal mistake. (Rock n’ Roll Heaven, 2007). Official investigations into her death tried to blame on everything from a CIA conspiracy to silence the voice of her generation to an intentional suicide, but the coroner ruled that her death came as a result of heroin overdose complicated with alcohol use. Her death was a seriously tragic error. The dealer gave her heroin that was simply too good. Joplin’s alcohol use was legendary. She was rarely seen without a bottle of Southern Comfort and she appeared on national television drunk in 1970 not long before her death. Appearing on the Dick Cavett show, Joplin was so drunk she was slurring her words when she said she would be going to her 10 year high school reunion to face her demons and those who tormented her in high school. â€Å", They laughed me out of class, out of town and out of state; so Im going back. This was in response to her return home to attend her 10 year high school reunion, her first visit back to Texas since rock and roll stardom had struck. This would be the last time Janis would see her family. † (Rock n’ Roll Heaven 2007). Even before she achieved fame, Joplin was well-known as an alcoholic. Once she achieved fame, her drug use was just as well known. Joplin’s choices of drugs were influenced by her upbringing and her generation. Psycotropic drugs and mind-expanding substances were everywhere in the rock scene in the 1960s and Janis Joplin made a meteoric rise to the top of that scene. After being an outcast in high school, Joplin wanted desparately to fit in and would do whatever it took to get there. Unfortunately, according to the biography written by Laura Joplin, Janis found too quickly that it was lonely at the top and turned to heroin and alcohol as a cure. Joplin discovered the hard way what too many other celebrities have also found out: drug use is no substitute for good mental health. Joplin’s choice of drugs is especially damning considering what she was trying to escape. Alcohol, though a disinhibitor, is also a depressant and the long-term effects of heroin include depression as well. In short, she was trying to fight off the loneliness and depression of her situation by adding more depressants. Heroin, at least short term, may have made the loneliness appear less stressful. The short-term effects of heroin is an immediate rush of energy caused by the release of endorphins and then depressed respiration and the desire to sleep for several hours. In her already depressed state, and with the alcohol effects in place, Joplin regularly used the drugs as a way to â€Å"rest† between recording sessions. The problem was that on the night of her death, both the alcohol and heroin lowered her body’s metabolism and it fell so low that the body could not recover. Joplin’s pattern of substance abuse began when she left high school and began performing in coffeehouses, bars and anywhere else that would let her sing. She had been an outcast in her high school and looked for a way to fit in with the cool crowd of musicians and those who loved them. She found her answer in drugs. In the 1960s, the drug culture was so prevalent that almost everyone literally was doing it and Joplin found her niche right away. She began with alcohol, a reasonably well accepted drug of choice and then moved on to stronger drugs as she gained more fame. Joplin’s primary drug of choice, besides Southern Comfort, was speed. Like heroin, speed provides an immediate â€Å"rush† for the user and can act as a mood enhancer, making people who are lonely or depressed feel better about their situation. It is likely that Janis Joplin used it for this reason and because users report feeling more creative while using speed. This effect is a result of the hyperactivity of the nervous system and people who are taking speed often appear twitch or jumpy. There are no known indications that it does make a person more creative, but that was the message of the drug culture at that time. The curious question about Janis Joplin is whether her substance abuse began before her music career or after it. Though the legend of Janis Joplin as a hard-living rock star would indicate that she began indulging in drugs after becoming famous, her life would tend to indicate either that she had substance abuse problems dating back to high school or that she had other emotional and psychological factors present in her pre-fame life which mimicked the social repercussions of substance abuse. Prior to leaving high school, Joplin was an outcast, unable to fit in socially with her peers. She reportedly had behaviorial issues and was eventually kicked out of school for those problems. These issues may have been related to her role as a political activist in the turbulent times of the early 1960s, including her activism on behalf of African American rights in Texas. However, these issues are also consistent with alcohol abuse and other substance abuse. It is completely within reason to believe that Joplin may have developed her dependence on alcohol at a much earlier age than previously acknowledged and began supplementing that addiction with harder, illegal drugs as she gained fame. Unfortunately, most biographies of the rock superstar are written by friends, family or adoring fans and no one appears to have any desire to make the rock star culpable for any of her own behaviors. Instead, her drug use and sexual excess is put down to the era and the need for self-expression. The saddest realization is that in reality the use of drugs and alcohol probably stunted Joplin’s creativity and most definitely shortened her lifespan.

Wi-fi Wireless Technology

Wi-fi Wireless Technology Business data network and telecommunications Wi-fi has entered in to our lives some years now. It solves some problems that wire networks have but generate new. At the moment there are few advantages and a lot of disadvantages. Wi-fi can be very useful in many cases and I think it deserves a deep look in to it. Also wi-fi has many prospects for further development. Wi-fi needs specified devices in order to work properly. History The term wi-fi (wireless fidelity) is used in order to determine the appliances that are based on specification IEEE 802.11 and faction of ISM band, that is frequencies 2.4Ghz for Europe .Wi-Fi uses single carrier DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) radio technology but also multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio technology. These regulations that enabled the development of Wi-Fi, are HomeRF, and Bluetooth. Unlicensed spread spectrum was available for first time by the Federal Communications Commission in 1985 and the FCC regulations were copied later with some changes in other countries and made the use of this technology enable in all major countries. Michael Marcus of the FCC staff proposed the FCC action in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action in 5 more years. It was part of a proposal to allow civil use of spread spectrum technology and was opposed by the mainstream equipment manufacturers and many radio system operators. (Federal Communications Commission. 1985). The Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR Corporation/ATT. Initially the use was for cashier systems. The first wireless products that were brought on the market was under the name â€Å"WaveLAN† with speeds of 1 Mbit/s up to 2 Mbit/s. Vic Hayes, was involved in designing standards such as IEEE 802.11b, and 802.11a. He has been named as â€Å"the father of Wi-fi†. (Vic Hayes at 1st Home Networking Conference, 2007). Uses A device with Wi-Fi enabled, such as a PC, PDA, cell phone, game console, or MP3 player can connect to the Internet within the range of a wireless network connected to the Internet (Access point). The interconnection between one or more access points in a certain area is called a hotspot. Hotspots can cover a single room up to many squares covered by overlapping access points. The devices can network each other and connect to the Internet, share files and digital cameras can transfer video wirelessly. Wi-Fi also allows devices to connect directly with each other (peer-to-peer mode). This connectivity mode is useful most in gaming applications. When the technology released in the market there were many problems because consumers were not sure if the products from companies would work together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this and to address the needs of the end user and allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to show to the consumers that products are interoperable with other products displaying the same branding. (Wi-fi alliance, 2000). Routers and Wi-Fi access points are used most in homes to provide Internet access and networking to all devices that are connected wirelessly or by cables into them. Devices can also be connected in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without using a router. In Business and industrial environments, as increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points we get faster roaming and increased network capacity by creating smaller cells or by using more channels. Wi-Fi can enable wireless voice applications such as WVOIP. Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer network, firewall, DHCP server and other functions. In addition to home and office use, Wi-Fi is publicly available also at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or under a certain price. Sometimes free Wi-Fi is provided by organizations or authorities who wish to promote business in their area. Metropolitan-wide WiFi (Mu-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process. (Muniwireless, 2007). Standard devices Wireless access points can connect wireless devices to a wired LAN. An access point is something like an Ethernet hub, relaying data between the connected devices. Wireless adapters are connecting in the devices, externally or internally such as usb, pci and allow devices to connect to the wireless network. Wireless routers integrate a firmware application that provides IP Routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an interface. Wireless range extenders (repeaters) can extend the range of the wireless network. Ig the repeaters are placed in the area smart then the signal can be excellent. The devices that are connected through repeaters may have an increased latency for each hop. Each device will get signal from the device that gives better signal. With wireless bridges we can connect two or more networks between them. This is different from an access point because an access point works at the data-link layer. We can use two wireless bridges when a wired connection may be unavailable, such as a connection between two separate buildings. Most devices (routers, access points, bridges, repeaters) are designed for home or business environments. Pci cards use antenna connectors and usb only have internal antennas while some have external connections in addition to an internal antenna. In laptops it is commonly used mini pci cards. In a network between two buildings that the distance is a matter it is usually used big antennas in the roof of the buildings, so the signal can be remain strong enough. Advantages of Wi-Fi Wi-Fi allows LANs to be deployed while it reduces the cost of the network deployment. WLANS can be hosted in areas that cannot be run by cables, such as outdoor areas or even historical buildings. The prices for wireless products continue to drop, making it a fair networking option. Wi-Fi has become widespread and more and more devices obtain wi-fi technology. Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Products designated as Wi-Fi Certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards inter-operable. Except mobile phones, any device with wi-fi standard will work anywhere in the world. Wi-Fi use WPA encryption and it is not easily cracked if the passwords are strong enough. Nowadays it is used WPA2 also, an encryption that has no known weaknesses. A new protocol for Qos is WMM and makes Wi-Fi better for voice, video applications, and power saving methods. To make enable the WMM feature all devices in the network must support it. Disadvantages of Wi-Fi Wifi in Europe use for the 2.4 GHz band (1-13) channels, in US (1-11) and Japan (1-14). A Wi-fi signal occupies around five channels in the 2.4 GHz resulting in only 3 non-overlapped channels in the US: 1, 6, 11, and four in Europe: 1,5,9,13 Power consumption is too high compared to with other low bandwidth standards, such as Bluetooth, making a concern about devices batteries life of the. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is the most usual wireless encryption standard that is used, but shown that can be easily breakable. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2), solved this problem and its available on most products. Most Wi-Fi Access Points have default the security disabled thought, providing open wireless access to their LAN. You can always turn on the security by configuring the device, usually via the graphical user interface (GUI) of the router/access point. Unencrypted networks can be used to read and copy data that are transmitted over the network, unless we have a security method to secure the data, such as VPN The wireless networks have limited range. A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 35 m indoors and 95 m outdoors. Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor range with improved (directional) antennas can be several kilometres or more with line-of-sight. IEEE 802.11g-(2003) When the range increases the performance of a wireless network is decreased. Ethernet or other cables are more reliable then wi-fi. An Ethernet connection can reach speed up to 1Gbit/s and in the other hand 802.11g networks have a maximum of 54 Mbit/s. Protocol 802.11n try to improve the speeds, but still does not achieve Ethernets reliability. People with adsl2+ can understand an increase in performance using wired connection rather than WiFi. Wi-Fi in many cases has problems with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). SNR compares the level of the desired signal to the background noise. This can be a huge problem in high-density areas. All the devices must support the same protocol for example 802.11g. And in case there are other access points in the network, the name (SSID) must maintain the same. In Wireless networks there are many times incompatibility problems between brands. Different standards may disrupt connections or low speeds. The new protocol 802.11n use 5 GHz band and have more channels available. Each node (access point, repeater) on the network is able to see the communication between other devices, allowing network traffic to be easily captured. When a WiFi network is not encrypted it is vulnerable to attacks. Wi-fi is a new technology and still under development. Many people may adopt it cause it produce a non wire environment and others not. I think wi-fi will give better quality in the future and maybe it will get pass some main problem that it have at the moment. References Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations (TXT). Federal Communications Commission (June 18, 1985). Retrieved on 2007-12-01. Wi-Fi Alliance Certified Products. (2000) certifications.wi-fi.org. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. from http://certifications.wi-fi.org/wbcs_certified_products.php V.Hayes at (November 04 2007). 1st Home Networking Conference Retrived on 2007-12-03 from http://lirne.net/2007/11/vic-hayes-at-1st-home-networking-conference/ Muniwireless (2007). Muniwireless-technology Retrieved on 2007-12-01 from http://www.muniwireless.com/ IEEE 802.11g-(2003) 802.11g Retrieved on 2007-12-03 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003

The Free Air Jet Experiment

The Free Air Jet Experiment Introduction The Free Air Jet Experiment is designed to give insight into the fundamentals of a free jet at various locations inside and outside the core region. The core region is a location in the flow field where the flow has a velocity that is approximately the same as the velocity coming from inside the jet. This experiment will provide data to describe the location of the core region. Besides defining the core region this experiment will provide information on the velocity changes outside the core region, mass flow rates at various locations, the momentum flow at various locations, showing that the exiting jet width varies with distance, and how the speed varies along the center streamline as a function of distance from the exit. In order to best interpret the results obtained in this lab there are several assumptions that must be made. In this situation the flow is in a steady state, the air from the jet and the stationary air in the surroundings is assumed to be constant, the flow is incompressible, and the produced flow is axis symmetric. The local fluid speed can be determined from equation (1) V = (2*(po p)/Ï )1/2 (1) where the variable V is the magnitude of the velocity, po is the stagnation pressure, p is the static pressure of the fluid, and Ï  is the density of the fluid. From equation (2) the mass flow rate can be determined md = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²A (Ï V)dA = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²02πà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²0R (Ï Vr)drdÃŽ ¸ (2) where md is the mass flow rate, A is the surface area that is being integrated over, Ï  is the density, r is the radius, and R is the maximum radius. The momentum flow can also be determined via equation (3) Pd = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²A (Ï V)VdA = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²02πà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ²0R (Ï V2r)drdÃŽ ¸ (3) where Pd is the momentum flow rate. The local sound speed, c, was found from equation (4) c = (kRT)1/2 (4) where k and R are constants defined by the physical properties of air and T is the temperature of the medium. In this experiment k = 1.4, R = 287, and T = 298. Knowing c, the mach speed can be calculated via equation (5) Ma = V/c (5) where Ma is the mach speed. Methods An apparatus was constructed in such a way that a tube that emits air is placed horizontally and blows into a Pitot tube that can be moved horizontally or in a radial outward direction. The volumetric flow rate is a constant for this experiment. From here the first set of data to be recorded is the centerline speed of the jet at various horizontal distances away from the center of the tube. This is first to be done by recording the pressure close to the pipes exit and then taking pressure measurements increasing the distance from the Pitot tube to the pipes exit by small intervals. This will provide a relationship of mass flow rate and momentum flow to the distance from the air exiting the pipe. Change the volumetric flow rate and repeat the preceding procedure. To determine how the mass flow rate and momentum flow rate will vary radially from the center streamline, another experiment is to be conducted. In this case a measurement is to be taken at the center streamline at some fixed horizontal displacement with a constant volumetric flow rate. From here the Pitot tube is to be moved radially outward in small increments such that several data points can be obtained at that horizontal displacement. At a few other horizontal displacements the same procedure is to be followed. Results and Discussion From Figure 1 it can be seen that up to about 0.03 m from the exit, the centerline speed doesnt change much. This defines the core region starting from the exit of the tube to 0.03 m away from the tubes exit. Outside the core region the speed of the air decreases as the distance from the exit is increased. When measuring the pressure from the Pitot tube the pressure had a precision of +/- 0.005 inches of H2O. This margin of error created an uncertainty in the centerline speed of about +/- 1 m/s. Knowing that the uncertainty of the speed is about 1 m/s, this uncertainty will propagate into the length of the core region. The core region can then be determined to have a length of 0.03 m +/- 0.01 m. Centerline speeds were recorded for a volumetric flow rate at 70 L/min and at 50 L/min. As expected, as the volumetric flow rate increases the centerline speed also increases. Velocities of varying radial distances from the centerline were measured and compared with each other at different horizontal distances from the tube in Figure 2. At a radial distance of 1 cm, the velocity doesnt change much with respect to the velocity measured at the centerline for all horizontal positions. This defines the average radial component of the core region as 1 cm. This radial component decreases as a function of the distance from the pipes exit. The farther the Pitot tube is moved outward from the core region the slower the velocity becomes. It can also be noticed that at the closest horizontal displacement the velocity drops off quicker as a function of radial displacement as apposed to the larger horizontal displacements. This is caused by the energy dissipating out to the sides as the horizontal displacement increases. The energy dissipation is caused by eddies or more commonly swirling in air. An eddy is the terminology used to describe the circular motion a fluid t akes as it displaces from the source. This plays an even bigger role in mass and momentum flow rates. Looking at Figure 3 it can be seen that the mass flow rate increases as the horizontal displacement increases. This increase is caused by eddies. What happens here is the source puts out a finite amount of mass at some constant rate. Eddies then form and this swirling motion of the fluid reaches out into the stagnant fluid and pulls more mass in to the system. Now more mass is being brought into the system causing the mass flow rate to increase. As the horizontal displacement increases the mass flow rate begins to level off, as seen in Figure 3, and will eventually begin to decrease. Here more mass is still being brought into the system but now the velocity has decreased significantly and this decrease is now causing the mass flow rate to decrease. Similarly to the mass flow rate the momentum flow rate is effected by eddies. In this case the momentum flow rate has reached a peak where the mass flow rate is still increasing and is decreasing where the mass flow rate begins to reach a maximum, as seen in Figures 3 and 4. The momentum flow equation and mass flow rate equation only differ by one term. In the mass flow rate equation there is a V component and in the momentum flow equation there is a V2 component. Having this extra component is what causes the momentum flow to peak before the mass flow rate. The velocity is decreasing and the mass is increasing as a function of horizontal displacement, but the momentum flow depends more heavily on the velocity component. The mach speed was then calculated from the maximum velocity obtained. In this situation the mach speed was found to be 0.087 with a local sound speed of 346 m/s. If the mach speed is greater than or equal to 0.3 than this implies that the flow is compressible. By having a mach speed that is smaller than 0.3 implies that the flow is incompressible. Conclusion and Recommendations By conducting this experiment a fairly accurate core region was able to be defined. The core region was defined as having a horizontal displacement of 0.03 m +/- 0.01m and an average radius of 0.01 m. The mass flow rate and momentum flow were both found to be heavily dependent on mass and velocity. Both the mass flow rate and the momentum flow were affected by eddies, which is the swirling motion of air, that pulled stagnant mass into the system causing the mass to increase as the flow got further away from the core region. The velocity of the air decreased as the displacement from the pipe exit increased. Momentum flow was affected by the velocity more so than the mass flow rate because of the V2 component in the momentum equation. This flow was deemed incompressible due to the mach speed being smaller than 0.3. For better results in the future, supplying the jet with an independent compressor would eliminate any variance in volumetric flow rates caused by other users of the compressor. This would then generate a higher precision when measuring pressures. Figure 1. This graph shows the relationship between the centerline speed and the distance from the exit. Figure 2. This graph shows the relationship between the normalized velocity and the radial distance from the tubes exit. Figure 3. This graph shows the relationship between the calculated per measured mass flow rate and horizontal position. Figure 4. This graph shows the relationship between the rate of momentum flow and horizontal position.

The Horrors of Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darknes

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the onset of the novella Heart of Darkness, the narrator Marlow compares his subsequent tale of colonialism with that of the Roman colonization of Northern Europe and the fascination associated with such an endeavor. However, throughout his narration, Marlow challenges this viewpoint by painting a heinous picture of the horrors of colonialist ventures. In the opening of his tale, Conrad, through Marlow, establishes his thoughts on colonialism. He says that conquerors only use brute force, "nothing to boast of" because it arises, by accident, from another's weakness. Marlow sees colonization as; "Robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle darkness." Furthermore, he sees such conquests as taking land and materials away from those people who "have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses." This epitomizes the futility in such an undertaking. Moreover as he understands it, colonization is only successful if there lies within it a "devotion to efficiency" and a creation of civilization, not exploitation (Conrad, 4). In his novella, through the eyes of his narrator Marlow, Conrad offers a frank critique of European imperial colonialism through the numerous oppositions of black and white and dark and light.   Through the individual characterization, Conrad creates the division between dark and light ... ...of Anthropology, Lawrence Univ.).  Ã‚   "Africa and Africans in Conrad's Heart of Darkness."  Ã‚   A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture, 24 Jan. 1996.   Rpt. James Banks, Willamette Univ.; & Free Speech Television: http://www.freespeech.org/james/conrad/heart.htm (Accessed: Apr. 2002) Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990. Dintenfass, Mark. "Heart of Darkness: A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture." 14 Mar. 1996. *http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2  Ã‚  April 2002). Hayes, Dorsha. "Heart of Darkness: An Aspect of the Shadow," Spring (1956): 43-47.. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992.

A Character Analysis of Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

A Character Analysis of Macbeth in Shakespeare's Macbeth By the end of Act V scene v it is clear that Macbeth is not going to rule his kingdom much longer. He is to be killed by a "man none of woman born" (IV,i,80) who we find out latter in the play is Macduff. Before Macbeth is to be killed we find out that he is a great warrior, a sane man, and a superstitious man. In Act I scene ii we find out that Macbeth is a great warrior. We start the scene off from a sergeants account of the fighting against the enemy's of the king and Macbeth. For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name,-disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel, which smok'd with bloody execution. (I,ii,16-18) From this we can tell that Macbeth fought bravely and through unbeatable odds against Macdonwald's army. It also tells us that Macbeth can handle a sword like it was an extension of his own body. The sergeant also tells us: As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks; So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe: (I,ii,37-39) From this we can tell that he was a relentless and courageous fighter and would not stop until he had won. He is such a fearless fighter that the day would be remembered for centuries to come the sergeant says: "Or memorize another Golgotha," this tells us that Macbeth would have gone down in the books as Scotland's heroic warrior. Macbeth had two glorious battles both of which he had won. from these battles and the sergeants words we can truly say that Macbeth was a great warrior. Macbeth is also to be portrayed as an insane man, but I think that this is not to be true. An insane man is supposed to be delirious, make no sense what-so-ever, and to enjoy the killing and deaths of others. On the contrary Macbeth is none of these, he in my opinion is a very sane man. Macbeth says to lady Macbeth that "we will proceed no further in this business" (I,vii,31) in this scene Macbeth is showing hesitation in killing Ducan, which tells us that Macbeth like any other normal man does not like killing. In Act II scene I Macbeth has his first major Soliloquy where he seems to be delirious by seeing a dagger floating around him "A dagger of the mind, a false creation" (II,i,38). I think that this in fact is just his imagination telling him that it is a mistake to kill Ducan. Macbeth has a very stressful decision on his mind whether to compel to the

Mercedes Lackey :: Free Essay Writer

Mercedes Lackey Dear Mercedes Lackey, You probably get letters from people everyday who say what I’m gonna say, but oh well. See, I am a huge fan of your work, and just recently got told to write a LAL (Letters about Literature) for one of my favorite books, and since I didn’t feel like writing to the judges on your Dragons Bane Trilogy, I decided I would write my letter as if talking to you. As I said before, we have to write a letter explaining our favorite book, so, to explain the Dragons Bane book , I guess I should tell what made it the best. First, of course, it was written by you, my all time favorite author, and also it’s fantasy, which is my favorite genre, but it goes deeper than that, too. It deals with the characters, all of them. I can relate to them so well it’s amazing. I mean with the main girl, let’s say Lila’s her name , godz, we could be twins, except my ears don’t point in the slightest and I don’t have green eyes, but that’s besides the point. In mind, we are practically one in the same. We both are extremely determined and rebellious at times and quite curious all the time. We also both hold a love for animals that is almost second to nothing else. And we’re both tremendously loyal to most of our family. Now, she can mindspeak which I can’t, and she also has magic abilities, which of course I don’t, and I’m real, and she’s not, but you get the point. In essence we are related I guess is what I’m saying. There’s also her â€Å"older brother†, ( I’ll call him Jeff since I can’t remember his name either) the dragon who raised her. It seems as if I’m related to him, too. He’s definitely got a knack with animals, which I’ve already said I have. He also is kind, to everyone, and amazingly enough, that’s another trait I try (key word here; try) to possess since reading this book. But he’s not as close to me as the girl, I have no idea why, except maybe because he’s a he, or he’s a dragon, or he’s not the main character or whatever else differs between them, but he could really be an older brother to me. Then of course, you can’t have a brother without a sister, and you provide one of those, too, one that fits my little sister exactly, actually.

American Slavery

Political Points of View: American Slavery In the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, writes of the Incident when he defends himself against the cruel Mr. Covey. Harriet A. Jacobs also writes in her autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, of the time she decides to escape from her owners. Spirituals were extremely emotional songs that were often sung by American slaves. Harriet Tubman, a famous â€Å"conductor† or guide that helped free slaves, was interviewed and her stories were published of what she s an abolitionist went through.One similarity they all have is after being pushed too far, they resist against their suppressors. Douglas's way of resisting injustice was defending himself against Mr. Covey. Mr. Covey was a cruel man that Douglass was loan out too. â€Å"l resolved to fight. † what was Douglass determined as he equally hurt Mr. Covey who had beat him previously day after day. I believe Frederick Douglass did the r ight thing even though extremely risky. Harriet A. Jacobs also resisted injustice by escaping her owner, Mr.Flint, and oing to hide at relatives or friends houses, but close enough to keep an eye on her children. â€Å"l groped my way tothe road.. † a quote Jacobs wrote in her autobiography of when she escaped. Even though though risky, Jacobs escaped to try and keep her children safe. knowing that If she took them with her they would give them away or they wouldn't be touched by Mr. Flint since he believed she would return for them. Both went to hardships but found ways and the strength to rise up. Harriet Tubman created the underground railroad. which allowed many salves to scape to the free states.Tubman ,herself a former slave, was the most wanted fugitive of the era and although knowing the dangers still continued leading the underground railroad. Tubman tried to get her brothers to Join her to freedom but they refused. However, she didnt let that stop her. â€Å"She wa lked off alone, following the guidance of the brooks which she observed to run North. † Many American slaves were also known to sing spirituals. Spirituals tended to have codes, or expressed on how Americans slaves really felt about slavery. Spirituals were â€Å"moving and intensely emotional songs. In a sense I feel spirituals created a sad, depressing atmosphere, since many songs were sung that way. However, many were Spirituals were extremely helpful to Tubman and others to become free. Many American slaves were too afraid to rise up, but a few did.

Government Provided Health Care Essay

For many years, health care cost has risen and challenged many businesses, households, and the government. With the health care cost constantly rising, more and more people become uninsured. There are many approaches to improve the health care system including: Government-provided health care, Private insurer health care, and a mix of both. Although, all the different ways have their perks, government provided stands out. Government provided health care is the best approach because every American citizen will have health insurance, it would simplify the system, all workers will have health care benefits, and it will contain and lower costs more than any other approach. Having every American citizen being provided with health insurance, and eliminating private insurers, will definitely simplify the system. All that would need to be done to jump start government provided health care is to create a single payer system, replace current insurance premiums, lower prices on drugs, and create a universal set of insurance forms to cover everyone. Every American deserves to have access to high quality and affordable health care, no matter what their income situation, employment situation, or medical conditions. With the government provided system, all workers will have health care benefits, and lower costs on health insurance. Workers will have greater freedom and better choices if they don’t have to worry about picking a job solely for the health care benefits. Over the years, there has been lots of evidence that shows the single payer system is the best approach to achieving basic health care goals. First, two government offices, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and General Accounting Office Greear 2 (GAO) reached a conclusion that only the single payer plan was likely to save the most money. Second, Medicare claims that the single payer system for  the elderly has lower administrative and overall costs than any other approach thus far. Third, Canada has a single payer system, which has much lower administrative costs than the U.S. System. Health care administration costs in the U.S. In 1999 was over 200 billion, to whereas Canada’s was only 159 billion. The single payer system works so well in Canada, its only logical to try the system here. Finally, the government provided, single payer system could achieve cost containment success more readily than any other system with three basic principals. First, this system may make it possible to reduce the administrative costs in the U.S. Second, the single payer system may be able to vigorously attack the market condition, where there is only one buyer, and gain bargaining powers over other providers. Finally, the single payer system could control the overall level of health care resources. All in all, the single payer system is less costly than any other approach and spends a slightly smaller amount of the gross domestic product (GDP) on health, according to Sherry Glied from Columbia University. The differences in system performance among the different coverages are small, but government provided, single payer system has the most distinct difference as far as cost containment and savings. At some point, everyone will need access to health care or treatment, with government provided insurance, that will be taken care of. Work Cited DeGrazia, D. â€Å"Single Payer Meets Managed Competition.† Hastings Center Report 38.1 (2008): 23-33. CINAHL. Web. 22 May 2013. Glied, S. â€Å"Single Payer As A Financing Mechanism.† Journal Of Health Politics, Policy & Law 34.4 (2009): 593-615. CINAHL. Web. 22 May 2013. Publicagenda.org-Health Care. Citizens’ Solutions Guides 2012. Web. 22 May 2013.

Family and Father Figure

Darian Peavy Professor Meehan Writing 101 6 April 2013 Fatherless I remember always thinking to myself as a kid: Was it my fault that my father wasn’t around? Was it my fault my family is struggling? My fault we can’t afford nicer things? While I would see the other kids getting picked up by their parents after school while I’m waiting on the school bus to take me home. At times it hurt, especially when I had to teach myself everything a father figure should have.Life without a father or in a single parent household has a burden on children, but it’s something that many children face in America today. It’s sometimes the reason why kids grow up and stray the wrong direction in life and then they grow up putting their children through the same thing they went through. Being fatherless is actually something that a lot of children suffer with in America, and it’s a vicious cycle that continues to run rampant through communities, both bad and good . â€Å"One-third of American children are growing up, without their biological father, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In the past 50 years, the percentage of children who live with two married parents has dropped 22 points. During that same time, the number of babies born to unwed mothers jumped from 5 percent to 40 percent† (Stuart). It happens in many different ways, which include: one night stands, divorce, separation due to imprisonment or death, and etc. One situation that sticks out to me because it actually happened to me is the father walking out on his family, either after the child is born or before.When this happens the father usually has no idea the impact on the decision he has made. Most times its out of fear, he thinks he’s too young to have a child or family. Other cases include the father leaving because doesn’t want anything to do with the child. So he leaves with the thought that the child would be better off without him, when in fact h e’s making things worse. When this happens it causes children to blame themselves for what’s happened to them, to blame themselves for what’s happening to their family. They grow p questioning everything they see, without receiving any answers. They end up having bitter feelings or being jealous of other kids, and they struggle mentally and physically. â€Å"The growing trend of father absence could have grave implications for society, researchers say, because having dad around has been linked to important developments in a child's physical, emotional and behavioral health† (Stuart). In doing this they end up making a lot of the wrong decisions, end up struggling in school, and may end up committing crimes or dropping out of school.Another thing it causes is MORE children to grow up without fathers in America. This happens because children without fathers tend to experiment sexually sooner than other children, so they end up doing the same thing their fat her initially did to them. There has been a lot of research done on single parent households in collaboration to them growing up without fathers, some of the facts that were found are:   Young men who grow up in homes without fathers are twice as likely to end up in jail as those who come from traditional two-parent families. 3% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes. 85% of all children that exhibit behavioral disorders come from fatherless homes. 71% of all high school dropouts come from fatherless homes. Boys who grow up in father-absent homes are more likely that those in father-present homes to have trouble establishing appropriate sex roles and gender identity. The likelihood that a young male will engage in criminal activity doubles if he is raised without a father and triples if he lives in a neighborhood with a high concentration of single-parent families.Lastly, in a longitudinal study of 1,197 fourth-grade students, researchers observed â€Å"greater levels of agg ression in boys from mother-only households than from boys in mother-father households† (Parker). It’s very sad that all of that can be caused simply because a father is not around. Sometimes children don’t become a statistic and actually close the cycle they’ve been put in, but others aren’t so lucky. A child can grow-up just with his or her mother, but there are things that a mother just can’t do.She can’t stop her child for blaming himself or herself, and she can’t stop the mental and physical burden that her child has to endure. Yes, as a mother she can handle everything on her own, but in the end the child still wonders. I had a wonderful mother growing up, and I appreciated everything she did for me. As her son there were things I just couldn’t ask her or talk to her about: I couldn’t ask her about woman, how to talk to a girl, how to get a girl to like me, or even about sex. So I had to experience things on my own, I had to learn the hard way in most cases.I fell right into the statistics that haunt fatherless children, I did horrible in school, I ended up smoking marijuana, indulged in sexual activities at a young age, and ended up not graduating with my class in high school. Luckily I realized what road I was taking before it was too late, and sometimes all that takes is someone to step up, come into your life and be that father figure. For me, it was my Marine Corps Recruiter, I finally had someone to talk to me about the things I should have already known if I had a father in my life and if it wasn’t for him who knows where I would be right now.Not every child is lucky enough to have experienced what I did, some of the friends I had growing up ended up with kids at an early age, ended up in prison, or are just completely unhappy with their life. There’s one thing I promised myself when I was younger because of my experiences, and that’s is: No matter the situat ion or current point I am in, in my life, I will never have my seed go through what I went through growing up. I haven’t had any children yet for that reason; I’m waiting until I know for a fact that I’m ready, mentally, physically, and financially.Sometimes I even catch myself being happy that I grew up the way I did, I made some poor choices and mistakes that I learned from, and I probably wouldn’t be the man I am today if that would have happened, so for that I am grateful. Change is something that needs to happen not only in America but all over the world. Men as a whole need to start taking responsibilities for their actions and being there for their children, even though with some cases it is hard especially when the father loses all custody for his child, but even this is no excuse for not being around.Like I said earlier, women are strong and can handle anything you throw at them, but there are still things a woman can’t teach her son or da ughter. It doesn’t seem like much but a father or a father like figure makes a significant difference in a child’s life, that it could be the difference of being depressed to happy, successful and unsuccessful, prison or not, or even life or death. Works Cited Stuart,  Elizabeth. â€Å"Fatherless America? A third of children now live without their dad. † Deseret News. , 22 May 2011. Web. 4 May 2009. Parker, Wayne. â€Å"Statistics on Fatherless Children in  America. † About. com Guide. Web.

Gaspar Aquino de Belén Essay

Gaspar Aquino de Belen is a Filipina poet and translator of the 17th century, author in particular of Pasyon, a famous poetic of passion, died narration and resurrection of Christ. Filipino natives, generally were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Pasyon, begun by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which has circulated in many versions. Gaspar Aquino de Belen was a Filipino poet and translator of the 17th century, known for authoring a 1704 rendition of the Pasyon: a famous poetic narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus, which has circulated in many versions. Generally Filipino natives were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in Latin script in the Tagalog language. Gaspar Aquino de Belen is a Filipino writer, poet and translator during the 17th century. Aquino de Belen was known for his work Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola, which was published in Manila by the Imprenta de la Compania por Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay in 1760. Filipino natives generally were not taught Spanish, but bilingual individuals called ladino, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Tagalog language using Roman script. Pasyon, began by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Sociological review of the movie Borat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sociological review of the movie Borat - Essay Example Set in a documentary style, the narrative begins in a small village where Borat introduces his family and village to the audience. Borat is soon asked by the government of Kazakhstan to visit The United States of America in order to learn the cultural roots of the most powerful nation in the world. He would then bring back his learnings, as a form of a documentary, and teach the Central Asian nation, a part of former Soviet Union, the â€Å"American Way†. With a limited budget, an obese sidekick as a producer of the documentary (Azamat Bagatov played by Ken Davitian), Borat sets off to meet real Americans. His zigzag journey across different states, his reactions to American culture and vice-versa (America’s reaction to Borat) is on one side a comical riot but on the other hand exposes the prejudices and hypocrisies in the American culture. As Borat is capable to see the world only from his own cultural viewpoint, the movie at solitary level is a story of ethnocentrism gone crazy. His values, beliefs, and norms are quite a horror and offensive at first, but sadly depict the realities of multiculturalism in the US (Lee). This write-up aims to review the movie from a sociology point of view, illustrating the interfaces of sociological theories with movie’s account and themes. Ethnocentrism I believe that the central sociological theory in the movie Borat. Ethnocentrism is the practice of comparing other cultural practices with your own and often finding them inferior. Cultural divide, being the main theme of the movie, is practically embedded in almost all scenes both from American and Kazakhi points of views (Robert Brym). Sacha Boren demonstrates this in the famous rodeo scene in Texas where he enters the ring to praise the power of America, its decision to invade Iraq and cursing the enemies of America. He is met with rounds of applause and cheers. However, he stretches his act by singing the national anthem of Kazakhstan on American tune calling it the greatest country in the world. The idea that some other country beats the United States in glory and power does not go well with the audience as it responds with loud jeers and boos. The incident hints ethnocentrism being rooted in American culture and perhaps the root of various prejudices Americans have against other cultures and nationalities (Lalo). Conflict theory Another principle theory that is reflective in the movie right from the start is Karl Marx’s Conflict theory that defines conflicts in social structures as the main driver of the progressive development in greater equality, democracy, autonomy and individuality (Sociology Guide). The conflict between races (especially Jews) is apparent right from the start of the movie. Many DVD versions of the movie have the following language options: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Hebrew. If you select "Hebrew," you would hear a repeated warning, "Jew in  vocinity, Jew in  vocinity," as the screen f lashes the following messages: "You have been trapped Jew!" "Keep your claws where they can be seen." "Do not attempt shift your shape." And this is all before the movie even begins. Borat Sagdiyev lives in a world that believes Jews to have horns on their head. A

Bioterrorism - Disaster Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bioterrorism - Disaster Plan - Essay Example In cases of bioterrorism, the Bureau of Emergency Preparedness and Response (BEPR) is described as â€Å"the use, or threatened use, of biological agents to promote or spread fear or intimidation upon an individual, a specific group, or the population as a whole for religious, political, ideological, financial, or personal purposes† (par. 1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) present various categories for bioterrorism agents and diseases with preparation and planning guidelines detailed and specifically enumerated in their official website for the public’s awareness and guidance (CDC: Emergency Preparedness and Response, 1). In New York City, the disaster plan specifically addressed bioterrorism by stating that â€Å"the City’s Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DHMH) uses a syndromic surveillance system that monitors emergency room visits, ambulance runs and pharmacy sales† (OEM, 17).

Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy Essay

Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy - Essay Example Also, there is no reason to make people live through the ups and downs that is the business cycle as we know it, and monetary and fiscal policymakers can step in to try to balance out demand, and hence forth stimulate production and employment (Lecture 19). Some people may argue that this is only looking at the "short" run effects, and not taking into consideration the long term effects. Such people would not agree with monetary and fiscal policymakers interfering in the economy, they would rather see less big involvement and a monetary policy based on long term rules(The Short). "Fiscal or monetary policy can be used to stabilize output and employment around their trend levels, and hence prevent booms or recessions from getting out of hand. When this domestic model is broadened to open the economy to international trade and capital flows, this conclusion no longer holds but the results depend on the flexibility of the nation's exchange rate."(Remarks). In conclusion, after studying and reading several sources, I have decided that monetary and fiscal policymakers should try to stabilize the economy. This offers a solution to many economic problems, and can help prevent massive swings in our economy, which is always a good thing.

Ford Motor Company Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ford Motor Company Analysis - Research Paper Example The liquidity ratios calculated for the year 2010 and 2011 are shown in the table above. The calculations are on the excel spreadsheet attached. Liquidity ratios show the firm’s ability to settle short term liabilities out of the liquid cash. The type of liquidity ratios calculated include; current ratio and acid test ratio. The liquidity ratios must equal to 1 or more than 1. If it is 1.00 then it implies the short-term debts are fully settled with the liquid cash. If they are less than 1.00 then it shows that the available cash cannot settle the arising short term liabilities. From the calculations Ford Motor Company has a current ratio of 0.86 in 2010 which improved to 0.96 in 2011. Though there was an improvement in the current ratio, it is still less than one which shows the company’s dilemma in dealing with its short term debts. The available cash is not enough to settle the short term liabilities (Zane, Kane & Marcus, 2004). The acid test ratio as depicted from t he calculations is also worth of discussion. In both years the acid test ratio was less than 1 which might be detrimental to the Ford Motor Firm. Though an improvement was noted from 0.47 to 0.59, the ratio was still below the threshold.Activity ratios depict the degree of effectiveness of a company in using the resources available in a manner that can promote the growth of the company. The activity ratios derived above are total asset turnover. This is an indication that the assets of the company were not utilized.

Extensive Review and Analysis of Nursing Leadership Assignment

Extensive Review and Analysis of Nursing Leadership - Assignment Example The management is boosted by effective control that is geared towards directing personnel to perform their task at the right time. In many cases, this type of leadership focuses on short-term planning. Since it involves short terms planning, they have to achieve their goals in the short terms, in order to structure other objectives. For instance, in implementing this leadership element in a long term facility, horizontal management has to be implemented. Though there is less reliance on this type of leadership, it is proving to be effective in management. In this transactional leadership, there is frequent restructuring and control of the personnel. For instance, in a long term facility, nurses have to be managed in ensuring all the queues in a facility are served. This is a short term goal that may be done on a daily basis. When the queues are seen to be in constant motion and receiving services, the management is in control. However, in instances where there are stagnant queues, it is admissible that the nurses are working at a slow pace. In such a case, many people might not get the services from the facility. In a long term facility, juniors and any other person below the leader should be obedient to the instructions. The leaders act as a formal authority designed to manage and control all the staff under the manager. As such, the people below the manager constantly obey any directive that is given. In a conservative explanation, the junior staff below the manager may be considered followers. The responsibility of creating directions, organizing responsibility, and making decisions is solely obligated to the top managers (Grossman and Valiga, 2005). For instance, nurses work under doctors in a... This paper stresses that The leaders are required to show others what should be done in certain situations. For instance, when there is a hygiene problem in a long term facility, a servant leader may come in handy. A leader that starts to clean a dirty environment while the other junior staff members are around instills some discipline. This will trigger their conscience to act appropriately. In the mean time, the junior staff members may find it hard to leave their leader to do some odd jobs. To avert the situation, they may follow suit in cleaning. In this scenario, the leader does more of a servant role than leading the people. There are various assumptions that are considered in this leadership, in reflection to long term facilities. The first assumption is that leadership is instilled through doing what a leader wants others to do. This report makes a conclusion that nursing is a vital subject in ensuring the world is healthy and stable. With diminishing quality of services in the nursing profession, people may not acquire the best from the profession. Therefore, it needs a structured leadership style that will ensure all the activities are done accordingly. For instance, in areas where they register large numbers of patients, the leadership style should ensure the nurses serve people with zeal. This will ensure all the people are served to utter optimum. Similarly, in areas where most of the work done is volunteer work, a servant leader would be appropriate. A leader who leads by example would encourage other people to do the same.

Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Propaganda - Essay Example Although most of the electorates favour a particular party, they sometimes change their minds about the party for which they had a preference because news is going around that the electorates are backing the other party. The political parties often lie about what they are going to do and frame stories about what the other party and some evil that they have done. It is also used in advertising where the advertisers give the impression that a particular product is out of this world. They use personalities who are very popular to convince people to buy products. So if a particular musician or singer is in the limelight at a particular point in time then that musician or singer will be likely to persuade persons who would not want to make purchases of products under normal conditions. They are usually dishonest about what the product can do and so people buy them and for a moment think it works because they are totally caught up in the â€Å"advertiser’s moment†. This adver tising is done on various media – television, print, the internet, radio, television and electronic billboards. In the past propaganda was used in times of war and is still being used today.

Environmental Issues in South East Asia Research Paper - 1

Environmental Issues in South East Asia - Research Paper Example It ha been pointed out that the Southeast Asian countries are among the less developed countries in Asia that are currently in the process of industrialization. They include Cambodia, Brunet Darussalam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and Myanmar. These countries are not as industries as Asian countries like Japan and China. The countries can take pride in the low political temperatures that have been seen in most of them over the recent past. The neighboring countries that constitute the Middle East countries like Iraq, Iran, or Syria have witnessed political revolutions that have a significant impact on the economic development of the nation. Industrialization in the Southeast Asian countries began in the second half of the twentieth century. Various industries are available in the Southeast Asia countries. The cotton textile industry had been developed in the region way back before the 1950s. Agricultural industries are common in the countries like Myanmar and Cambodia whereas countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines have manufacturing industries. Different environmental problems are experienced in different parts of the world. The key environmental issues in different countries in the Southeast Asia include seasonal smoke and haze, soil erosion/degradation, water pollution, air pollution, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, poor access to clean water, pollution from solid waste, hazardous materials, and hazardous wastes.

Exodus and the hardening of Pharaoh's Heart Essay

Exodus and the hardening of Pharaoh's Heart - Essay Example As such they are without blemish and without any partisan attitude. Bible does not distinguish between Israelites and non-Israelites. Spiritual revelations are not bound by or confined to geographical boundaries. All arguments and counter-arguments originate below the mind level, and once an individual transcends the mind, one practically understands what divinity is! It is beyond words as such it cannot be expressed through speech. â€Å"All human beings are created in the image of God† (Magid) and at the same time God has blessed them with his free-will. They have the ability to act as per their volition and possess the capability to atone for their sins. Free will is the fundamental aspect of divine play. â€Å"Therefore, God’s removing the possibility of repentance (hardening Pharaoh’s heart) fairly raises the question of ethical reciprocity and just desserts.†(Magid) If this is agreed, the next question is God hardening anyone’s heart that â₠¬Å"challenges God’s relationship to humanity in Scripture† (Magid). This is the root cause of the â€Å"philosophical problem.† If Bible is taken for granted as a scripture of literature limited to the cultural and historical aspects, then the problem of hardening Pharaoh’s heart turns out to be the secular problem, and not of the Bible. Another way to sidestep the â€Å"problem† of Pharaoh’s hardened heart is to view Pharaoh as one who will not repent because he cannot repent. In Exodus 3:20 God ordains that He will bring plagues (wonders) upon Egypt as a rejoinder to Pharaoh’s disinclination to free Israel. In Exodus 4:2, God will â€Å"stiffen Pharaoh’s heart† to enable Him to engulf Egypt with plagues. In the first verse plagues are mentioned as an essential ploy for accomplishing the desired objective, i.e., liberation of Israel. In the second verse, the plagues are a crucial portion of the Exodus. God desires Pharaoh to uninterruptedly

Coca Cola Essay Example for Free

Coca Cola Essay Organizations need to change and adopt dynamic survival strategies to stay alive in uncertain political, social and economic environment (Hiatt and Creasy, 2003). All environmental factors present in the nature experience change on continuous basis. Human nature resists change, so managing that resistance requires well planned change management strategies. A structured approach to transfer organization, its people and processes from current state to a desired future state is called change management. This process gives employees the ability to accept changes in the existing environment of the business. Change can be of different type for example, change in technology, operations or strategies etc. company needs to implement individual strategies to cope with each type of change. Coca Cola Corporation is among one of the oldest corporations of the world. It has gone through many internal and external changes since it has been in existence. The company has used techniques of change management in order to survive from the consequences of those events. Coca Cola is a type of company that requires making changes in its products and business strategies according to the consumer expectations and external environment. Here in this study we would quote different examples from coca cola corporation’s history and will examine that what were the triggering events for opting the change and what strategies the company developed and implemented in order to successfully going through the transitioning process. Coca Cola is a type of company that requires making changes in its products and business strategies according to the consumer expectations and external environment. Here in this study we would quote different examples from coca cola corporation’s history and will examine that what were the triggering events for opting the change and what strategies the company developed and implemented in order to successfully going through the transitioning process. It is a well known fact that Coca Cola Corporation is an entrepreneurial venture started by one person who bought the formula from another firm and laid foundations of that beverages manufacturing firm. Current structure of the coca cola company is simple with minimal labor and management division. New system that can be adopted by the company may be the â€Å"machine bureaucracy† which has been defined as an organization with clearly defined hierarchy, well defined area of operations, standard operating procedures, proper rules and regulations, well division of labor, formal relationships among the member of organization, centralized decision making, technical competence and standardization of work. The company has faced a lot of external changes, for example in world war II, the company was able to manage its existing position at that time and also entered in many new markets and discovered new niches. The company established 64 plants across the world to supply drinks to the troops (Coca Cola Company, 2006-2011). The company also provided free drinks to soldiers which were the part of its strategy to become a patriotic symbol for the people of the country. Also it boosted the sales, so the company achieved two objectives by carefully planning to respond to that external environmental change. The plants developed by the company in war era helped its expansion after the war. The recent change management at coca cola is directed towards the intrinsic values and motivations of the employees and can be referred to as ‘employee engagement’. The change management process, together with internal branding programs is expected to bring about ideal behaviors in employees, which would align the operations of coca cola worldwide, and bring about efficiency throughout coca cola across all its business segments. Coca Cola Company can use two change management tools to make sure that all people who are required to be the part of change management process. These tools are Force Field analysis and AKADAR model. Force field analysis is a technique developed by Kurt Lewin to scrutinize the forces that are causing an opposition to change process (Bass, 2009). By doing Force Field Analysis, Coca Cola Company will be able to induct people who are in need of appropriate training. Another useful tool is AKADAR model which stands for Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement. Through AKDAR model, firm creates awareness about the need of change, generate desire in the people to help in transitioning process, give knowledge to the people that how they can help the change process, develop an ability in the people to go through the change and provide them with continuous reinforcement to withstand the change (CMLR, 2011). Coca cola hopes to bring about a thoroughly integrated system of communications, and focus on creating brand relationships with their employees. This would enhance the operations of Coca cola, as an integrated approach would mean all employees believe in engaging fully in the values, and this would become an inherent part of the employees at a personal level. For this purpose, employee engagement surveys are conducted twice every year for all the coca cola associates, which serve to highlight the areas where action is required, and further actions and implementations can henceforth be executed. Employee engagement is very significant to all segments of operations at coca-cola and has translated into performance in areas where employee engagement is higher. For coca-cola, an engaged workforce means: A more committed workforce Employee performance aligned with organizational objectives Employees have a clear idea of what is expected of them and what are the deliverables Customer experience focuses an inherent part of employees’ values, who strives to provide a better experience to the customers. Customer focus was identified as a central tenant of the multi-year engagement strategy to be implemented in 2011(Gee, 2011) Change in inevitable. Therefore, the focus should not be on avoiding change, rather bringing about a smooth transition towards the new change by communication about the change, and ensuring all parties of the change that it is for the best of all those involved. To successfully implement organizational change of any nature, a specific regards to organizational structure, design, culture, management and leadership is required to see whether the change would make a best fit with the organizational goals and objectives. To conclude, it may be said that communication can be a key element to successful change management. Communicate the changes to the employees, tell them why the change was inevitable and how they will benefit from the change. The management should itself adopt a positive attitude towards the change so that employees can follow their lead and welcome the change. Coca-cola as a company has a heritage of embracing change rather than resist it and it should translate into their future endeavors towards change management to ensure that the organization is best poised to market and environmental conditions.